Original Articles
Vol. 12 No. 1 (2020): Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Volume 12, 2020
DEVELOPMENT OF AN IMPROVED EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS (EBV) NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY ASSAY TO FACILITATE DEVELOPMENT OF A PROPHYLACTIC GP350-SUBUNIT EBV VACCINE
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All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Received: November 16, 2019
Accepted: January 29, 2020
Accepted: January 29, 2020
2022
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No licensed vaccine is available for prevention of EBV-associated diseases, and robust, sensitive, and high-throughput bioanalytical assays are needed to evaluate immunogenicity of gp350 subunit-based candidate EBV vaccines. Here we have developed and improved analytical tools for such a vaccine’s pre-clinical and clinical validation including a gp350-specific antibody detection assay and an EBV-GFP based neutralization assay for measuring EBV specific antibodies in human donors. The sensitivity of our previously published high-throughput EBV-GFP fluorescent focus (FFA)-based neutralization assay was further improved when guinea pig complement was supplemented using a panel of healthy human sera. Anti-gp350 antibody titers, which were evaluated using an anti-gp350 IgG ELISA assay optimized for capture and detection conditions, were moderately correlated to the FFA-based neutralization titers. Overall, these sensitive, and high-throughput bioanalytical assays are capable of characterizing the serologic response to natural EBV infection, with applications in evaluating EBV antibody status in epidemiologic studies and immunogenicity of candidate gp350-subunit EBV vaccines in clinical studies.
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Citations
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13. Sashihara J, Burbelo PD, Savoldo B, Pierson TC, Cohen JI. Human antibody titers to Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) gp350 correlate with neutralization of infectivity better than antibody titers to EBV gp42 using a rapid flow cytometry-based EBV neutralization assay. Virology 2009; 391:249-56.
14. Li QX, Young LS, Niedobitek G, Dawson CW, Birkenbach M, Wang F, Rickinson AB. Epstein-Barr virus infection and replication in a human epithelial cell system. Nature 1992; 356:347-50.
15. Lin R, Heeke D, Liu H, Rao E, Marshall JD, Chio V, Cataniag F, Yu L, Zuo F, McCarthy MP. Development of a robust, higher throughput green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) micro-neutralization assay. J Virol Methods 2017; 247:15-21.
16. Elliott MB, Pryharski KS, Yu Q, Parks CL, Laughlin TS, Gupta CK, Lerch RA, Randolph VB, LaPierre NA, Dack KM, Hancock GE. Recombinant respiratory syncytial viruses lacking the C-terminal third of the attachment (G) protein are immunogenic and attenuated in vivo and in vitro. J Virol 2004; 78:5773-83.
17. Servat E, Ro BW, Cayatte C, Gemmell L, Barton C, Rao E, Lin R, Zuo F, Woo JC, Hayes GM. Identification of the critical attribute(s) of EBV gp350 antigen required for elicitation of a neutralizing antibody response in vivo. Vaccine 2015; 33:6771-7.
18. Molesworth SJ, Lake CM, Borza CM, Turk SM, Hutt-Fletcher LM. Epstein-Barr virus gH is essential for penetration of B cells but also plays a role in attachment of virus to epithelial cells. J Virol 2000; 74:6324-32.
19. Odumade OA, Hogquist KA, Balfour HH, Jr. Progress and problems in understanding and managing primary Epstein-Barr virus infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2011; 24:193-209.
20. Bu W, Hayes GM, Liu H, Gemmell L, Schmeling DO, Radecki P, Aguilar F, Burbelo PD, Woo J, Balfour HH, Jr., Cohen JI. Kinetics of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Neutralizing and Virus-Specific Antibodies after Primary Infection with EBV. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2016; 23:363-9.
21. Coghill AE, Bu W, Nguyen H, Hsu WL, Yu KJ, Lou PJ, Wang CP, Chen CJ, Hildesheim A, Cohen JI. High Levels of Antibody that Neutralize B-cell Infection of Epstein-Barr Virus and that Bind EBV gp350 Are Associated with a Lower Risk of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:3451-7.
22. Mukaka MM. Statistics corner: A guide to appropriate use of correlation coefficient in medical research. Malawi Med J 2012; 24:69-71.
2. Balfour HH, Jr. Progress, prospects, and problems in Epstein-Barr virus vaccine development. Curr Opin Virol 2014; 6:1-5.
3. Hadinoto V, Shapiro M, Sun CC, Thorley-Lawson DA. The dynamics of EBV shedding implicate a central role for epithelial cells in amplifying viral output. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000496.
4. Andersson J. An Overview of Epstein-Barr Virus: from Discovery to Future Directions for Treatment and Prevention. Herpes 2000; 7:76-82.
5. Lopes V, Young LS, Murray PG. Epstein-Barr virus-associated cancers: aetiology and treatment. Herpes 2003; 10:78-82.
6. Nishikawa J, Iizasa H, Yoshiyama H, Shimokuri K, Kobayashi Y, Sasaki S, Nakamura M, Yanai H, Sakai K, Suehiro Y, Yamasaki T, Sakaida I. Clinical Importance of Epstein(-)Barr Virus-Associated Gastric Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10.
7. Smets F, Sokal EM. Epstein-Barr virus-related lymphoproliferation in children after liver transplant: role of immunity, diagnosis, and management. Pediatr Transplant 2002; 6:280-7.
8. Hoffman GJ, Lazarowitz SG, Hayward SD. Monoclonal antibody against a 250,000-dalton glycoprotein of Epstein-Barr virus identifies a membrane antigen and a neutralizing antigen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980; 77:2979-83.
9. Thorley-Lawson DA, Geilinger K. Monoclonal antibodies against the major glycoprotein (gp350/220) of Epstein-Barr virus neutralize infectivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980; 77:5307-11.
10. Thorley-Lawson DA, Poodry CA. Identification and isolation of the main component (gp350-gp220) of Epstein-Barr virus responsible for generating neutralizing antibodies in vivo. J Virol 1982; 43:730-6.
11. Moutschen M, Leonard P, Sokal EM, Smets F, Haumont M, Mazzu P, Bollen A, Denamur F, Peeters P, Dubin G, Denis M. Phase I/II studies to evaluate safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant gp350 Epstein-Barr virus vaccine in healthy adults. Vaccine 2007; 25:4697-705.
12. Sokal EM, Hoppenbrouwers K, Vandermeulen C, Moutschen M, Leonard P, Moreels A, Haumont M, Bollen A, Smets F, Denis M. Recombinant gp350 vaccine for infectious mononucleosis: a phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of an Epstein-Barr virus vaccine in healthy young adults. J Infect Dis 2007; 196:1749-53.
13. Sashihara J, Burbelo PD, Savoldo B, Pierson TC, Cohen JI. Human antibody titers to Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) gp350 correlate with neutralization of infectivity better than antibody titers to EBV gp42 using a rapid flow cytometry-based EBV neutralization assay. Virology 2009; 391:249-56.
14. Li QX, Young LS, Niedobitek G, Dawson CW, Birkenbach M, Wang F, Rickinson AB. Epstein-Barr virus infection and replication in a human epithelial cell system. Nature 1992; 356:347-50.
15. Lin R, Heeke D, Liu H, Rao E, Marshall JD, Chio V, Cataniag F, Yu L, Zuo F, McCarthy MP. Development of a robust, higher throughput green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) micro-neutralization assay. J Virol Methods 2017; 247:15-21.
16. Elliott MB, Pryharski KS, Yu Q, Parks CL, Laughlin TS, Gupta CK, Lerch RA, Randolph VB, LaPierre NA, Dack KM, Hancock GE. Recombinant respiratory syncytial viruses lacking the C-terminal third of the attachment (G) protein are immunogenic and attenuated in vivo and in vitro. J Virol 2004; 78:5773-83.
17. Servat E, Ro BW, Cayatte C, Gemmell L, Barton C, Rao E, Lin R, Zuo F, Woo JC, Hayes GM. Identification of the critical attribute(s) of EBV gp350 antigen required for elicitation of a neutralizing antibody response in vivo. Vaccine 2015; 33:6771-7.
18. Molesworth SJ, Lake CM, Borza CM, Turk SM, Hutt-Fletcher LM. Epstein-Barr virus gH is essential for penetration of B cells but also plays a role in attachment of virus to epithelial cells. J Virol 2000; 74:6324-32.
19. Odumade OA, Hogquist KA, Balfour HH, Jr. Progress and problems in understanding and managing primary Epstein-Barr virus infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2011; 24:193-209.
20. Bu W, Hayes GM, Liu H, Gemmell L, Schmeling DO, Radecki P, Aguilar F, Burbelo PD, Woo J, Balfour HH, Jr., Cohen JI. Kinetics of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Neutralizing and Virus-Specific Antibodies after Primary Infection with EBV. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2016; 23:363-9.
21. Coghill AE, Bu W, Nguyen H, Hsu WL, Yu KJ, Lou PJ, Wang CP, Chen CJ, Hildesheim A, Cohen JI. High Levels of Antibody that Neutralize B-cell Infection of Epstein-Barr Virus and that Bind EBV gp350 Are Associated with a Lower Risk of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:3451-7.
22. Mukaka MM. Statistics corner: A guide to appropriate use of correlation coefficient in medical research. Malawi Med J 2012; 24:69-71.
How to Cite
“DEVELOPMENT OF AN IMPROVED EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS (EBV) NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY ASSAY TO FACILITATE DEVELOPMENT OF A PROPHYLACTIC GP350-SUBUNIT EBV VACCINE” (2020) Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, 12(1), p. e2020016. doi:10.4084/mjhid.2020.016.
