Chansai

Thalassemia is the most common inherited chronic anemia. The patients suffer from anemia resulting from shortened red blood cell (RBC) survival and ineffective erythropoiesis (IE). IE is characterized by the premature death of erythroid precursors in bone marrow or apoptosis of matured nucleated erythroid cells. Moreover, IE also plays an important role in the pathophysiology of thalassemia patients. Increased bone marrow hemopoietic activity from IE frequently leads to the development of extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH). Nevertheless, IE is believed to be the major mechanism that promotes the development of EMH in patients with thalassemia.[1]
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a negatively charged phospholipid located on inner-cell membranes. Excessive globin chains in thalassemic patients can be accumulated and precipitated within RBC membranes leading to a flip-out of the PS phospholipid to the outer RBC membranes. Exposure of the PS phospholipid on the outer RBC membranes results in RBC destruction at an early stage in the bone marrow.[2] In thalassemia disease, it is well established that increased PS-exposed RBC levels are associated with pulmonary hypertension (PHT), particularly in splenectomized patients.[3] The correlation of highly PS-exposed RBCs and other complications in thalassemia, however, remains to be elucidated.
Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF15) is one of the markers of ineffective erythropoiesis. It is a regulator of hepcidin expression. In thalassemia, iron overload and ineffective erythropoiesis induce the release of GDF15, leading to a high GDF15 level. Increased GDF15 levels in these patients decrease iron overload by increasing intestinal iron absorption.[4] High GDF15 levels also correlate with clinical severity in transfusion-dependent thalassemia.[5]
The soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) is generated during erythroid cell maturation. In thalassemia, increased sTfR indicates biomarkers of the organs' erythropoietic activity and iron status.[6] Previous studies demonstrated that the correlation of sTfR and EMH might predict the presence of EMH, particularly in thalassemia patients with intact spleens.[7]
This study aims to evaluate the correlation between ineffective erythropoiesis biomarkers and the development of EMH in patients with thalassemia. It can then be hypothesized that these results could utilize these biomarkers for predicting the risk of developing EMH.

Ethical approval was obtained from the Institution Review Board (IRB) for human research at Khon Kaen University, Thailand (HE611361). PS-exposed RBCs, GDF15, and TfR levels were evaluated before these thalassemia patients aged >18 who complied with informed consent received blood transfusion therapy. The study was conducted from April 2019 to January 2020 at Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen University, Thailand. The history of RBC transfusions, splenectomy, and laboratory data was reviewed. Spleen length was evaluated by ultrasound technique. Liver iron concentrations (LIC) and cardiac iron concentrations were evaluated by the MRI-T2* technique. EMH was confirmed or excluded by imaging that included ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT) scan, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Ineffective erythropoiesis biomarkers. PS-exposed RBCs were determined by the flow cytometry technique. RBCs staining and PS exposure were performed as described by Pattanapanyasat et al.[8] Fixed RBCs were measured using FACSCanto II flow cytometry and analyzed with the BD FACSDiva version 6.1.3 software (BD Biosciences). The number of positive cells labeled with FITC-annexin V and PE-glycophorin A was computed. Isotype control-positive cells were restricted to < 0.3%. GDF15 and sTfR levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits, i.e., the GDF-15 Human ELISA kit (Abcam, Cambridge, UK), and the Human sTfR ELISA (BioVendor, Brno, Czech Republic).
Thalassemia genotypes. Hemoglobin and DNA analyses were performed in all patients to determine the thalassemia genotypes. As described previously, common β-thalassemia and α-thalassemia mutations were detected by multiplex-gap PCR and allele-specific PCR assays.[9]
Transfusion requirements. Transfusion-dependent thalassemia (TDT) is a group of patients requiring a regular blood transfusion at less than six-week intervals. The remaining patients were classified as non-transfusion-dependent thalassemia (NTDT).
Statistical analysis. Independent sample Student's t-tests and the Mann-Whitney U-test were used to compare continuous data between two groups. Bivariate correlation analysis was performed with Pearson or Spearman correlations. A P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Logistic regression methods were used to demonstrate the associations between ineffective erythropoiesis biomarkers and EMH. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to determine the diagnostic performance of ineffective erythropoiesis biomarkers to predict the development of EMH. Data analyses were performed using SPSS 26.0 software (IBM., IL, USA) and STATA 10 statistical software (Stata Corp, College Station, TXP).

One hundred and thirty-one patients were enrolled in this cohort. The patients were classified into two groups: β-thalassemia and α-thalassemia. The clinical characteristics and laboratory data are summarized in Table 1. The proportion of patients with splenectomy was more prevalent in patients with β-thalassemia than those with α-thalassemia (51.1% vs. 25.6%, p = 0.005). More than half of the patients with β- thalassemia were TDT (54.5%) in contrast to patients with α-thalassemia, of whom most were NTDT (81.4%). Extramedullary hematopoietic tissues were found in thirty-four patients (26.0%). EMH was more prevalent among patients with β-thalassemia (32, 36.4%) than patients with α-thalassemia (2, 4.7%). Serum ferritin and LIC levels were significantly higher among patients with β-thalassemia compared to patients with α-thalassemia. The mean spleen length in non-splenectomized patients was not different in both groups (15.1 vs. 14.5 cm.).

Table 1. Clinical characteristics and laboratory data of patients with thalassemia.

GDF15 levels and GDF15/sTfR ratios in patients with β-thalassemia were significantly higher than in those with α-thalassemia. On the contrary, PS-exposed RBCs and sTfR levels were not statistically significantly different between the two groups.
A multivariate analysis of these risk factors for EMH was performed, as shown in Table 2. It was found that advanced age and PS-exposed RBC levels remained significantly associated with EMH after adjustment for other factors with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.04 (95% CI 1.0 -1.07) p = 0.026 and 1.71 (95% CI 1.05- 2.8) p = 0.032.

Table 2. Multivariate analysis of risk factors for extramedullary hematopoietic tissues in 131 patients with thalassemia.

The receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of the PS-exposed RBC levels and EMH was constructed to identify the optimal cut-off point (Figure 1). The cut-off level of PS-exposed RBCs derived from the ROC curve in this study was 0.45%. Using this cut-off level, the sensitivity and specificity of PS-exposed RBC prediction of EMH were 94.1% and 80.4%, with an area under ROC of 0.67 (95%CI 0.57-0.78), p-value = 0.002.

Figure 1. ROC curve of PS-exposed RBC levels and the development of extramedullary hematopoiesis in patients with thalassemia.

EMH is one of the main thalassemia-related complications in patients with thalassemia. It is more prevalent in patients with β-thalassemia compared to patients with α-thalassemia. Among the ineffective erythropoiesis biomarkers, PS-exposed RBCs showed a modest correlation with EMH. The levels of PS-exposed RBCs were not different between β-thalassemia and α-thalassemia groups. However, the PS-exposed RBC levels in patients with thalassemia were higher than in normal controls.[10] Previous studies showed significantly elevated levels of PS-exposed RBCs in β-thalassemia/Hb E patients who underwent splenectomy and were associated with pulmonary hypertension.[11] This study demonstrated a correlation between PS-exposed RBCs levels and EMH in patients with thalassemia.
Abnormal phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure on the surface of RBCs is considered a principal feature of apoptotic RBC precursors and ineffective erythropoiesis in thalassemia.[12] The PS-exposed RBCs may be one of the biomarkers that represent underlying ineffective erythropoiesis. This study showed that PS-exposed RBCs might be considered a biomarker to predict the development of EMH in patients with thalassemia. As shown in Figure 1, the PS-exposed RBC levels of more than 0.45% can be used to predict the outcome of EMH with 94.1% sensitivity and 80.4% specificity.
GDF15 is a transforming growth factor-β (TGF- β) superfamily member. Therefore, increased GDF15 levels were considered a marker of ineffective erythropoiesis and iron overload.[13] This current study showed that GDF15 levels in β-thalassemia were significantly higher than in α-thalassemia, consistent with previous studies.[14] High GDF15 levels suppressed hepcidin expression, contributing to increased gastrointestinal iron absorption and ineffective erythropoiesis.[4,13] In this study, GDF15 concentration had a weak correlation with EMH. This finding may be explained by ineffective erythropoiesis and the iron overload that the GDF15 levels can influence in patients with thalassemia.
The soluble transferrin receptor is one of the erythropoiesis biomarkers. Previous studies showed that sTfR levels could represent a predictive factor for EMH, particularly in NTDT patients with a spleen.[7] However, in the present study, sTfR levels between β- and α-thalassemia were not significantly different and could not predict EMH. In addition, the number of β-thalassemia patients with splenectomy was markedly higher than α-thalassemia patients (51.1% vs. 25.6%). This distinction may indicate that splenectomy is a risk factor for paraspinal EMH that supports the hypothesis of an association between iron metabolism and erythropoiesis expansion and the impact of splenectomy on EMH.[7] In this study, sTfR levels were correlated with GDF15 levels only in β-thalassemia. A previous study has shown a correlation between log GDF15 and sTfR level in β- thalassemia intermedia (TI) and β- thalassemia/Hb E.[14] Nevertheless, this could be due to a small sample size of α-thalassemia in this study. In addition, most thalassemia patients were non-transfusion-dependent thalassemia (NTDT), and GDF15 levels might affect iron overload and sTfR
The spleen is the most commonly affected organ in compensating for ineffective erythropoiesis. This study showed that the two groups' spleen length was not significantly different, but massive splenomegaly was different. Massive splenomegaly (spleen length ≥ 17 cm)[15] was more prevalent in patients with β-thalassemia than those patients with α-thalassemia (13 vs. 7 cases). This result demonstrated that an enlarged spleen represented ineffective erythropoiesis in patients with thalassemia.[16] Literature showed that the spleen and liver are the most common sites of EMH in patients with thalassemia.[17,18]
Extramedullary hematopoiesis is a compensation for the underlying ineffective erythropoiesis. It is a time-dependent process. Advanced age is a significant risk factor for developing EMH in patients with thalassemia. This study also confirms that advanced age is a risk factor for developing EMH.
The limitation of this study is that the number of patients with α-thalassemia in this cohort was relatively small because most of the patients with α-thalassemia were asymptomatic. Therefore, α-thalassemia is rarely encountered in a tertiary hospital. Nevertheless, to the best of the current authors' knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the association between PS-exposed RBCs and EMH in patients with thalassemia.
In conclusion, extramedullary hematopoiesis is more prevalent in patients with β-thalassemia than in patients with α-thalassemia. Advanced age and high PS-exposed RBC levels had a significant association with EMH. Among the ineffective erythropoiesis biomarkers, PS-exposed RBCs showed a modest correlation with EMH. PS-exposed RBCs may prove useful in predicting the development of EMH in patients with thalassemia.

The Correlation Between Ineffective Erythropoiesis Biomarkers and Development of Extramedullary Hematopoiesis in Patients with Thalassemia