PROGNOSTIC IMPACT OF NEUROPILIN-1 EXPRESSION IN EGYPTIAN CHILDREN WITH B-LINEAGE ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA
Hagag

Prognostic Impact of Neuropilin-1 Expression in Egyptian Children with B-lineage Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Adel A Hagag1 and Nahla A Nosair2

1 Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt.
2 Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt. 

Corresponding author: Dr. Adel A Hagag. Pediatric Departments, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt. E-mail: adelhagag20@yahoo.com 

Published: January 1, 2015
Received: August 20, 2014
Accepted: December 12,  2014
Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2015, 7(1): e2015009, DOI 10.4084/MJHID.2015.009
This article is available on PDF format at: 

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Background: Neuropilins are transmembrane glycoproteins that act as receptors for vascular endothelial growth factors and are involved in the process of tumor angiogenesis. Objective: The aim of this work was to study the prognostic value of Neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) expression in Egyptian children with B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).
Patients and methods: This study was conducted on fifty children with newly diagnosed B-lineage ALL, admitted to Oncology Unit, Pediatric Department, Tanta University Hospitals in the period from August 2010 to March 2014. This series included 32 males and 18 females with ages ranging from 3-17 years and a mean value of 9 ± 3.5 years. Twenty healthy children, age and sex matched, were also included in this study as a control group. For all patients, the following examens were done: Bone marrow aspiration, cytochemistry, immunophenotyping and estimation of Neuropilin-1 expression on blast cells by flow cytometry.
Results: The present study revealed highly significant differences in Neuropilin-1 expression between B-lineage ALL lymphoblasts and control lymphocytes. A significant higher Neuropilin-1 expression was found in pre-B ALL (74.04%) compared with early pre-B (23.55%). Neuropilin-1 positive expression was associated with significantly higher white blood cells count (Mean = 69.3±18.53 x103/mm3 versus 32.5±11.64 x103/mm3 and p=0.003), bone marrow blasts percentage (Mean=76.12±21.4 % versus 41.2±19.71% and p= 0.003), serum lactate dehydrogenase levels (Mean=1992.2 ± 58.6 unit/L versus 955.1± 234.7 unit/L and p=0.001) at diagnosis compared with negative Neuropilin-1 expression. The levels of Neuropilin-1 on BM blasts at diagnosis were higher in patients who subsequently relapsed (Mean=53.8 ± 27.1) or later died (Mean=81.51 ± 9.94) during the period of follow-up compared to those who achieved and maintained complete remission (Mean=18.17 ± 10.4) with p value of 0.001. Furthermore, patients with higher Neuropilin-1 expression had significantly shorter overall survival (Median 27.99 months and p= 0.0133) and disease-free survival (Median=10.23 months and p= 0.0002) than patients with low Neuropilin-1 expression (Median disease-free survival was 38.7 months).
Conclusion: Our findings suggest that Neuropilin-1 is a poor prognosis factor in children with B-lineage ALL and so we recommend the inclusion of Neuropilin-1 as a prognostic marker in children with B-lineage ALL. Its presence at high levels suggests a poor prognosis, and the necessity of intensive therapeutic intervention.


Introduction

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood malignancy, representing nearly one-third of all pediatric cancers.[1] With the advent of aggressive multimodality therapy, it has become a curable disease in more than 80% of patients.[2] More than 75% of patients survive free of leukemia recurrence at least 5 years from diagnosis with current treatments that incorporate systemic chemotherapy and specific central nervous system preventive therapy,[3-6] however, the treatment of ALL results in a significant morbidity and mortality.[2] The use of risk-adapted treatment protocols has improved cure rates while limiting the toxicity of therapy.[7]
Angiogenesis is an important requirement for the development and progression of hematological malignancies including leukemia and lymphoma.[8] Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important cytokine that contributes to disease evolution in various neoplasms. In particular, VEGF has been described as a mediator of leukemia associated angiogenesis as well as an autocrine growth regulator in leukemic cells.[9]
Neuropilin-1 (NRP-1/BDCA4/CD304) is a transmembrane C-type lectin found on plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs).[10] It was initially identified as a receptor for class III semaphorins (SEMA3s) mediating neuronal guidance and axonal growth.[11] It was subsequently found to bind to VEGF that is a critical pro-angiogenic factor that induces proliferation and migration of endothelial cells to tumor vasculature.[12]
Neuropilin-1 expression is reported to be specific for pDCs in humans[13] and has been found to be highly expressed in diverse solid tumors, as prostate, breast, pancreatic, lung, ovarian and gastrointestinal carcinomas.[14,15] Increased expression of Neuropilin-1 has been correlated with tumor growth and invasiveness.[16]
Furthermore, Neuropilin-1 expression is increased in representative human leukemia and lymphoma cell lines and in a panel of bone marrow specimens obtained from patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia or acute myeloid leukemia compared with normal bone marrow.[17] Neuropilin-1 also has been reported to be overexpressed in leukemic lymphocytes in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).[18] Therefore, NRP-1 could potentially be used as a target for ligand-directed therapy in leukemia and lymphoma.[17]

Aim of the Work

The objective of this work was to study the prognostic value of Neuropilin-1 expression in Egyptian children with B-lineage ALL.

Patients and Methods

The current study was carried out on fifty children after ethical committee approval and written consent of the parents in the Oncology Unit, Pediatric Department, Tanta University Hospitals from August 2010 to March 2014. This series included 32 males and 18 females with an age at diagnosis ranging from 3-17 years and mean value of 9 ± 3.5 years. This study was conducted on fifty patients with newly diagnosed B-lineage ALL attendants to. Twenty healthy children, age and sex matched, serving as a control group, were also included in the study to estimate the expression of Neuropilin-1 on peripheral blood lymphocyte.
ALL patients were diagnosed on the basis of the clinical presentation, morphological and cytochemical evaluation of blood and marrow smears, together with immunophenotyping. Diagnosis was based on the presence of 20% or more blast cells in bone marrow (BM), according to WHO proposal and the immunophenotyping results consistent with ALL[19] with exclusion of Philadelphia chromosome-positive ALL cases from this study.
The laboratory examinations included: complete blood count, serum LDH levels, bone marrow aspiration, cytochemistry with Sudan black and Myeloperoxidase, immunophenotyping and estimation of Neuropilin-1 expression on blast cells by flow cytometry. The studied patients were treated according to standard protocols for B- lineage ALL[20] and were monitored during the period of follow-up that lasted for 42 months.
Flow Cytometry: Immunophenotyping was performed on gated blast cells from bone marrow samples by flow cytometry using an extensive panel of Fluorescein Isothiocyanate [FITC] and Phycoerythrin [PE] conjugated monoclonal antibodies [MoAbs]. The immunophenotyping of ALL included T-cell lymphoid markers (CD2, CD3, CD5, CD7, CD4, CD8), B-cell markers (CD10, CD19, CD22 and cyto-immunoglobulin) and Myeloid cell markers (CD13, CD33, cyto-MPO).[21] All MoAbs were purchased from (BD Science, San Jose, CA) while PE-conjugated Neuropilin-1 MoAbs were supplied by (Ancell Corporation, USA). The results of Neuropilin-1 were expressed as a percentage of positively stained cells within the gated blast population. A case was defined as Neuropilin-1 positive if 20% or more of the gated cells expressed it (Figure 1).[17]
Statistical analysis. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Quantitative data were expressed in the form of mean and standard deviation while qualitative data were described in the form of number and percentage. Differences between groups were evaluated with student t-test for quantitative data and Chi-square test and ANOVA for qualitative data. The statistics and survival analysis were carried out according to Kaplan-Meier product limit estimates.

Figure 1
 Figure 1. Dot plot showing negative control (left), early pre-B ALL case with positive Neuropilin -1 expression (44.9%), pre-B ALL case with highly positive Neuropilin-1 expression (63.7%) (Middle) and a case of pre-B- ALL with co-expression of Neuropilin -1 and CD19 (right).

Results

There were 31 patients (62% of total) with positive NRP-1 expression (Neuropilin- present in ≥ 20% of blast population) and 19 patients (38% of total) with negative Neuropilin-1 expression (< 20% of BM blasts expressing Neuropilin-1) (Table 1).
There were no statistically significant differences between Neuropilin-1 positive and Neuropilin-1 negative patients regarding age, sex, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, CNS involvement, hemoglobin levels or platelets count, while there were statistically significant differences between Neuropilin-1 positive and Neuropilin-1 negative expression regarding leukocytes count, percentage of BM blast cells and serum LDH levels with higher leucocytes count, percentage of BM blasts and serum LDH in Neuropilin-1 positive patients (Table 2).
The studied patients were categorized on the basis of immunophenotyping into early pre-B ALL (32 cases, 64%) and pre-B ALL (18 cases, 36%). Neuropilin-1 was significantly higher in pre-B compared with early pre-B ALL patients (Table 3).
Thirty patients (60%) achieved and maintained complete remission (CR) till the end of the study; 12 patients (24%) suffered from relapse and eight patients died either during induction or maintenance therapy. A greater number of patients with complete remission were Neuropilin-1 negative than Neuropilin-1 positive (17/30). Most of ALL patients who relapsed, were Neuropilin-1 positive (10/12) with a mean expression percentage of 53.8±27.12 and all patients who died were positive for Neuropilin-1 at diagnosis (8 cases). Neuropilin-1 expression was significantly higher in relapsed patients and in patients who died during therapy when compared to patients who achieved complete remission (Table 4).

Table 1
 Table 1. Comparison between Neuropilin-1 positive and negative groups of patients regarding Neuropilin-1 expression. 

Table 2
 Table 2. Comparison between Neuropilin-1 positive and negative groups of patients regarding clinical and laboratory data. 

Table 3
 Table 3. Neuropilin-1 expression in different immunological B- lineage ALL subtypes.

Table 4
 Table 4. Neuropilin-1 expression in relation to outcome of ALL.

There was a statistically significant difference in prognosis between Neuropilin-1 positive and negative patients, with a significantly shorter overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in Neuropilin-1 positive B-lineage ALL patients (Table 5 and Figure 2 and 3).

Table 5
 Table 5. Log Rank test of overall and disease-free survival.

Figure 2
 Figure 2. Overall survival (OS) of Neuropilin-1 positive and negative ALL patients. 

Figure 3
 Figure 3. Disease-free survival (DFS) of Neuropilin-1 positive and negative ALL patients. 

Discussion

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood malignancy, representing nearly one-third of all pediatric cancers.[1] With the advent of aggressive multimodality therapy, it has become a curable disease in over than 80% of patients, however, the treatment of ALL results in a significant morbidity and mortality.[2] The use of risk-adapted treatment protocols has improved cure rates while limiting the toxicity of therapy.[7]
The present study measured Neuropilin-1 surface expression on BM blasts in 50 children with newly diagnosed B-cell ALL compared to normal peripheral blood lymphocytes from 20 healthy controls by flow cytometry.
Neuropilin-1 was expressed in all patients with B-lineage ALL included in this study with variable degrees of expression ranging from 7.9% to 92.1% of BM blasts. 31 patients presented high Neuropilin-1 expression ≥ 20% (range: 20.5-92.1) (Neuropilin-1 positive group) and 19 patients low expression, less than 20% of BM blasts (range: 7.9-14.5) (Neuropilin-1 negative group), while expression in peripheral blood normal lymphocytes did not exceed 3.4%. A highly significant statistical difference in levels of Neuropilin-1 expression was found between ALL patients and controls and between positive and negative Neuropilin-1 expression groups of patients.
 This is in agreement with Karjalainen et al 2011[17] who examined Neuropilin-1 in patients with acute leukemia and demonstrated its expression, above baseline bone marrow levels, in all B-cell ALL samples and in two thirds of AML samples with stronger expression in blast cells of B-cell ALL than AML blast cells.[17] Similarly, Meyerson et al 2012[22] found that Neuropilin-1 is frequently expressed on B-ALL blasts (71%), whereas its expression is less frequent on AML blasts (22.9%) and consistently absent on peripheral blood lymphocytes.[22]
The present study revealed that the mean percentage of expression of Neuropilin-1 in bone marrow blasts in B-lineage ALL patients was 36.86% overall. Neuropilin-1 expression was significantly higher in patients with pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (74.04%) than patients with early pre-B ALL (23.55%).
This datum is in agreement with Meyerson et al 2012[22] who found that Neuropilin-1 is frequently expressed on B-ALL blasts, and weakly expressed in normal bone marrow B-cell progenitors, while gradually decreasing during maturation, to be completely lost at later stages of B-cell. The expression of Neuropilin-1 on B-cell progenitors may explain its frequent higher expression in precursor B-ALL than mature ALL.[22]
In our study, Neuropilin-1 expression was significantly associated with higher white blood cells count; BM blasts percentage and serum LDH levels at diagnosis. There were significantly higher levels of Neuropilin-1 expression on bone marrow blasts at diagnosis in patients who subsequently relapsed or died during the period of follow-up compared to those who achieved and maintained complete remission. Also, patients with higher Neuropilin-1 expression had significantly shorter overall survival and disease-free survival than patients with low Neuropilin-1 expression. These results indicate that higher Neuropilin-1 expression levels correlated with disease severity and biologic progression in children with B-Lineage ALL. This datum is in agreement with previous studies establishing the poor prognostic impact of Neuropilin-1 expression also on AML.[9,23,24,25]
Importance of  Neuropilin-1, as marker of disease in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia, is further stressed by Beesley et al[26] who identified Neuropilin-1 as a part of gene expression signature associated with relapse and adverse clinical outcome, and by Solly et al.[27] who consider Neuropilin-1 an useful marker of minimal residual disease.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that Neuropilin-1 expression on bone marrow blasts is a valuable marker of bad prognosis in patients with B-lineage ALL. Therefore, we recommend the incorporation of Neuropilin-1 expression on bone marrow blasts in children with B-cell ALL as a prognostic marker, useful to categorize patients into the bad prognosis group and then candidate for an intensive treatment.

References

  1. Ribera JM and Oriol A. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adolescents and young adults. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2009 Oct;23 (5):1033-42, vi. doi: 10.1016/j.hoc.2009.07.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hoc.2009.07.002    
  2. Pui CH and Evans WE. Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med 2006 Jan 12; 354(2):166-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra052603   PMid:16407512        
  3. Möricke A, Reiter A, Zimmermann M, Gadner H, Stanulla M, Dördelmann M, Löning L, Beier R, Ludwig WD, Ratei R, Harbott J, Boos J, Mann G, Niggli F, Feldges A, Henze G, Welte K, Beck JD, Klingebiel T, Niemeyer C, Zintl F, Bode U, Urban C, Wehinger H, Niethammer D, Riehm H, Schrappe M; German-Austrian-Swiss ALL-BFM Study Group. Risk-adjusted therapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia can decrease treatment burden and improve survival: Treatment results of 2169 unselected pediatric and adolescent patients enrolled in the trial ALL-BFM 95. Blood 2008 1;111(9):4477-89. Epub 2008 Feb 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2007-09-112920     
  4. Moghrabi A, Levy DE, Asselin B, Barr R, Clavell L, Hurwitz C, Samson Y, Schorin M, Dalton VK, Lipshultz SE, Neuberg DS, Gelber RD, Cohen HJ, Sallan SE, Silverman LB. Results of the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute ALL Consortium Protocol 95-01 for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2007 Feb 1; 109(3):896-904. Epub 2006 Sep 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2006-06-027714 PMid:17003366 PMCid:PMC1785142   
  5. Pui CH, Campana D, Pei D, Bowman WP, Sandlund JT, Kaste SC, Ribeiro RC, Rubnitz JE, Raimondi SC, Onciu M, Coustan-Smith E, Kun LE, Jeha S, Cheng C, Howard SC, Simmons V, Bayles A, Metzger ML, Boyett JM, Leung W, Handgretinger R, Downing JR, Evans WE, Relling MV. Treating childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia without cranial irradiation. N Engl J Med 2009 Jun 25; 360(26):2730-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0900386    
  6. Veerman AJ, Kamps WA, van den Berg H, van den Berg E, Bökkerink JP, Bruin MC, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, Korbijn CM, Korthof ET, van der Pal K, Stijnen T, van Weel Sipman MH, van Weerden JF, van Wering ER, van der Does-van den Berg A; Dutch Childhood Oncology Group. Dexamethasone-based therapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: Results of the prospective Dutch Childhood Oncology Group (DCOG) protocol ALL-9 (1997-2004). Lancet Oncol 2009 Oct; 10(10):957-66. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70228-1. Epub 2009 Sep 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70228-1    
  7. Hunger SP, Lu X, Devidas M, Camitta BM, Gaynon PS, Winick NJ, Reaman GH, Carroll WL. Improved survival for children and adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia between 1990 and 2005: A Report from the Children's Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 2012 May 10; 30(14):1663-9. Epub 2012 Mar 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2011.37.8018    
  8. Vacca A, Ribatti D, Presta M, Minischetti M, Iurlaro M, Ria R, Albini A, Bussolino F, Dammacco F. Bone marrow neovascularization, plasma cell angiogenic potential, and matrix metalloproteinase-2 secretion parallel progression of human multiple myeloma. Blood 1999; 93:3064-73. PMid:10216103        
  9. Vales A, Kondo R, Aichberger KJ, Mayerhofer M, Kainz B, Sperr WR, Sillaber C, Jäger U, Valent P. Myeloid leukemias express a broad spectrum of VEGF receptors including neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) and NRP-2. Leuk Lymphoma 2007; 48(10):1997-2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10428190701534424  PMid:17917967        
  10. Dzionek A, Fuchs A, Schmidt P, Cremer S, Zysk M, Miltenyi S, Buck DW, Schmitz J. BDCA-2, BDCA-3, and BDCA-4: Three markers for distinct subsets of dendritic cells in human peripheral blood. J Immunol 2000; 165:6037-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.165.11.6037 PMid:11086035        
  11. Soker S, Takashima S, Miao HQ, Neufeld G, Klagsbrun M. Neuropilin-1 is expressed by endothelial and tumor cells as an isoform-specific for vascular endothelial growth factor. Cell 1998; 92:735-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81402-6    
  12. Ferrara N, Gerber HP, LeCouter J. The biology of VEGF and its receptors. Nat Med 2003; 9:669-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0603-669  PMid:12778165        
  13. Belaid Z, Hubint F, Humblet C, Boniver J, Nusgens B, Defresne MP. Differential expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in hematopoietic and fatty bone marrow: Evidence that neuropilin-1 is produced by fat cells. Hematologica 2005; 90:400-1.   
  14. Bielenberg DR, Pettaway CA, Takashima S, Klagsbrun M. Neuropilin in neoplasms: Expression, regulation and function. Exp Cell Res 2006; 312(5):584-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2005.11.024 PMid:16445911        
  15. Guttmann-Raviv N, Kessler O, Shraga-Heled N, Lange T, Herzog Y, Neufeld G. The Neuropilins and their role in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Cancer Lett 2006; 231(1):1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2004.12.047 PMid:16356825        
  16. Pan Q, Chanthery Y, Liang WC, Stawicki S, Mak J, Rathore N, Tong RK, Kowalski J, Yee SF, Pacheco G, Ross S, Cheng Z, Le Couter J, Plowman G, Peale F, Koch AW, Wu Y, Bagri A, Tessier-Lavigne M, Watts RJ. Blocking neuropilin-1 function has an additive effect with anti-VEGF to inhibit tumor growth. Cancer Cell 2007; 11(1):53-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2006.10.018  PMid:17222790         
  17. Karjalainen K, Jaalouk DE, Bueso-Ramos CE, Zurita AJ, Kuniyasu A, Eckhardt BL, Marini FC, Lichtiger B, O'Brien S, Kantarjian HM, Cortes JE, Koivunen E, Arap W, Pasqualini R. Targeting neuropilin-1 in human leukemia and lymphoma. Blood 2011; 117(3):920-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2010-05-282921  PMid:21063027  PMCid:PMC3298438   
  18. Piechnik A1, Dmoszynska A, Omiotek M, Mlak R, Kowal M, Stilgenbauer S, Bullinger L, Giannopoulos K. The VEGF receptor, neuropilin-1, represents a promising novel target for chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. Int J Cancer 2013 Sep 15; 133(6):1489-96. Epub 2013 Mar 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.28135    
  19. Vardiman JW, Thiele J, Arber DA, Brunning RD, Borowitz MJ, Porwit A, Harris NL, Le Beau MM, Hellström-Lindberg E, Tefferi A, Bloomfield CD. The 2008 revision of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia: Rationale and important changes; Blood. 2009 Jul 30; 114(5):937-51. Epub 2009 Apr 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2009-03-209262    
  20. Ching-Hon Pui. Acute lymphoplastic leukemia: Overview. In: Lichtman MA Beulter E, Seligsonn U, Kipps TO, Kaushansky K, Prchal J, editors. In: William textbook of Hematology. 17th edition, New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.2007; chapter 91:1141-53.    
  21. Catovsky D and Hoffbrand AV. Acute myeloid leukaemia. In: A.V. Hoffbrand and S.M. Lewis (eds) Postgraduate Haematology, 5th edition, Oxford, UK: Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd. 2005; 509-524.    
  22. Meyerson HJ, Blidaru G, Edinger A, Osei E, Schweitzer K, Fu P, Ho L. A potential marker for minimal residual disease detection in precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Am J Clin Pathol 2012; 137:39-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1309/AJCP6VDBL4BRXRQA  PMid:22180477        
  23. Lu L, Zhang L, Xiao Z, Lu S, Yang R, Han ZC. Neuropilin-1 in acute myeloid leukemia: Expression and role in proliferation and migration of leukemia cells. Leuk Lymphoma 2008; 49:331-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10428190701809149  PMid:18231921        
  24. Kreuter M, Woelke K, Bieker R, Schliemann C, Steins M, Buechner T, Berdel WE, Mesters RM. Correlation of neuropilin-1 overexpression to survival in acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2006; 20:1950-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.leu.2404384  PMid:16990775        
  25. Kreuter M1, Steins M, Woelke K, Buechner T, Berdel WE, Mesters RM. Down regulation of Neuropilin-1 in patients with acute myeloid leukemia treated with thalidomide. Eur J Haematol 2007; 79:392-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0609.2007.00954.x  PMid:17916085        
  26. Beesley AH, Cummings AJ, Freitas JR, Hoffmann K, Firth MJ, Ford J, de Klerk NH, Kees UR. The gene expression signature of relapse in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Implications for mechanisms of therapy failure. Br J Haematol 2005; 131:447-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05785.x  PMid:16281934        
  27. Solly F, Angelot F, Garand R, Ferrand C, Seillès E, Schillinger F, Decobecq F, Billot M, Larosa F, Plouvier E, Fabrice A, Deconinck E, Legrand F, Saas P, Pierre- Rohrlich PS, and Garnache-Ottou F. CD304 is preferentially expressed on a subset of B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia and represents a novel marker for minimal residual disease detection by flow cytometry. Cytometry 2012; 81A:17-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cyto.a.21162  PMid:22052678        

[TOP]