Download

Demographical, Viro-Immunological, Clinical and Therapeutical Characteristics of HIV-Infected Patients in an “Epidemiologically Unexplored” Region of Italy (Calabria Region): the CalabrHIV Cohort  

Maria Concetta Postorino1, Filippo Luciani2, Carmelo Mangano3, Maria Stella Carpentieri3, Paolo Scerbo4, Armando Priamo4, Giuseppina Berardelli5, Roberto Marino6, Alfredo Vallone6, Nicola Serrao7, Vincenzo Pisani1, Chiara Costa1, Albano Terremoto2, Giuseppe Foti3, Lucio Cosco4, Massimo Calderazzo5, Domenico Corigliano5, Preziosa Scordo1, Alessio Strazzulla1, Carlo Torti1 and the CalabrHIV Study Group

1Infectious Diseases Unit, “Magna Graecia” University, Catanzaro
2Infectious Diseases Unit, “Annunziata” Hospital, Cosenza
3Infectious Diseases Unit, “Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli” Hospital, Reggio Calabria
4Infectious Diseases Unit, “Pugliese-Ciaccio” Hospital, Catanzaro
5Infectious Diseases Unit, “Giovanni Paolo II” Hospital, LameziaTerme, Catanzaro
6Infectious Diseases Unit, “Jazzolino” Hospital, Vibo Valentia
7Infectious Diseases Unit, “San Giovanni di Dio” Hospital, Crotone

Corresponding author: Maria Concetta Postorino, Infectious Diseases Unit, “Magna Graecia” University, Catanzaro. Tel: +39 0961 3647203; Fax: +39 0961 3647544; viale Europa, loc. Germaneto 88100 Catanzaro, Italy. E-mail: cettypostorino@gmail.com

Published: October 8, 2015
Received: March 21, 2015
Accepted: September 13, 2015
Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2015, 7(1): e2015054, DOI 10.4084/MJHID.2015.054
This article is available on PDF format at:

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Background and Objectives: HIV epidemics may differ among epidemiological contexts. We aimed at constructing an HIV clinical cohort whose main epidemiological, clinical and therapeutical characteristics are described (the CalabrHIV cohort, Calabria Region, Southern Italy).
Methods: The CalabrHIV Cohort includes all HIV patients on active follow-up in all infectious disease centers in the Calabria Region as at October 2014. All information was recorded in a common electronic database. Not-infectious co-morbidities (such as cardiovascular diseases, bone fractures, diabetes, renal failure and hypertension) were also studied.
Results: 548 patients (68% males; 59% aged <50 years) were included in the CalabrHIV cohort. Major risk factors were: sexual transmission (49%) and intravenous drug use (34%). 39% patients had HCV and/or HBV co-infection. Amongst 404 patients who had a complete clinical history, 34% were AIDS presenters and 49.3% had CD4 count ≤350/mm3 at HIV diagnosis. 83% patients on HAART had undetectable HIV-RNA. Hypertension was the most frequent co-morbidity (21.5%). Multimorbidity was more frequent in >50 years old patients than in <50 years old ones (30% vs. 6%; p<0.0001). Co-morbidity was more frequent in HCV and/or HBV co-infected than in HIV mono-infected patients (46.6% vs. 31.7%: p=0.0006).
Conclusion: This cohort presentation study sheds light, for the first time, on HIV patients’ characteristics in the Calabria Region. We showed that HIV-infected patients with chronic hepatitis were affected by concomitant not-infectious co-morbidities more than the HIV mono-infected individuals. New HCV treatments are therefore to be implemented in the co-infected population.

Introduction

HIV infection may give diverse clinical manifestations, due to virus-related factors, but also to host-related conditions and psycho-social peculiarities. Therefore, epidemiological and clinical features of HIV-infected patients may be different across different countries and regions of the same country, so detailed regional analyzes are very important to identify health priorities of HIV patients.
Percentages of patients with HIV infection and/or with AIDS have been underrated in the Calabria Region. Major causes may be hypothesized: stigma and marginalization due to HIV diagnosis,[1] the psycho-social fragility of HIV population, under-reporting of new HIV diagnoses. Moreover, in the Calabria Region, incidence, prevalence and characteristics of diseases (including HIV) are affected by a massive “health migration”. Indeed, for a matter of reasons, many patients living in the Calabria Region choose to be followed in Hospitals located in the North and Centre of Italy.
In HIV patients also drug prescription can diverge from national guidelines on regional clinical practice.[2] Moreover, there are no available data regarding premature aging and not-infective co-morbidities in HIV-infected patients from the Calabria region.[3]
So, the aim of this study was to describe baseline characteristics of HIV population in active follow-up in the Calabria Region, in order to identify health priorities of patients and create a large regional prospective cohort including all HIV-infected patients (the CalabrHIV Cohort). Main epidemiological, clinical and therapeutical characteristics have been assessed for the first time in our region. Moreover, we wanted to explore in HIV-infected patients whether or not HCV or HBV co-infection was associated with higher percentages of not-infectious co- morbidities than HIV mono-infection.
Both HIV and HCV are associated with a wide range of co-morbidities.[4-7] In particular, HIV-infected patients suffer from premature aging, putting them at risk of not-infectious co-morbidities at younger ages than the general population.[3,4] Indeed, high levels of predictive biomarkers of inflammation typical of the great elderly people were found in young people with HIV infection.[3] Previous cohort studies showed a greater risk of diabetes mellitus, acute myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular events in HIV-infected patients than in HIV-negative ones.[8-12] It is currently not demonstrated whether HCV or HBV co-infection may accelerate premature aging in HIV-infected patients, increasing rates of cardiovascular, metabolic and renal diseases in these subjects. In conclusion, the reasons leading to the study were:
1.    To present a cohort profile of the CalabrHIV study group.
2.    To focus on clinical characteristics of the enrolled patients, mainly the risk of comorbidities.

Materials and methods

All the infectious diseases centers in the Calabria Region (Catanzaro, Vibo Valentia, Reggio Calabria, Cosenza, and Crotone) have merged their data to create a regional observational prospective cohort, so called CalabrHIV Cohort. Patients’ characteristics were collected in a common electronic database containing all epidemiological, demographic, virological, immunological, clinical and therapeutic information. Latest follow-up was available in October 2014.
Not-infectious comorbidities diagnosed until October 2014 were also recorded: cardiovascular diseases (defined as acute myocardial infarction, stroke, transient ischemic attack, angina pectoris, coronary bypass, angioplasty, chronic occlusive arterial disease), hypertension (defined as blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg or antihypertensive therapy), diabetes (fasting serum glucose ≥126 mg/dl or anti-diabetes therapy), renal failure (eGFR ≤60ml/min measured with CKD-EPI formula)[13] and bone fractures. Multimorbidity was defined as ≥2 not-infectious co-morbidities occurring in the same patient. For the analysis of not-infectious co-morbidities, patients were divided into four age groups: aged ≤40, between 41 and 50 years, between 51 and 60 years and >60 years.
Data were analyzed using common statistical descriptive procedures (with statistical significance: p≤0.05).


Results

Five hundred forty-eight patients (68% males; 59% aged <50 years) on active follow-up as at October 2014 were included in the CalabrHIV Cohort. Table 1 reports the main patients’ demographic, epidemiological and clinical characteristics. Major risk factors for HIV acquisition were sexual transmission (49%) and intravenous drug use (34%). About 40% patients had HCV and/or HBV co-infection.

Table 1 Table 1. Patient’ characteristics.

AIDS and late presentation: Although a good virological response was ongoing (73% had undetectable HIV-RNA), the immunological status of patients, with a CD4 nadir <200/mm3, was still compromised. Only 42% of these patients had actual CD4 count >500/mm3). 404/548 patients had available data about AIDS at HIV diagnosis, of these 34% were AIDS presenters, and 49.3% had CD4 count ≤350/mm3.
HAART prescription: 90% patients were on HAART and, among these, 83% had undetectable HIV-RNA. A huge diversity in HAART prescription was noticed: 92% first-line HAART included ≥3 different drugs. Only 5% first line prescriptions included <3 antiretroviral drugs but, amongst the currently ongoing regimens, 15% included <3 drugs as simplification regimens. 49% patients actually in mono-/ dual- therapy vs. 40% patients actually in HAART had a nadir CD4 <200/mm3. Actual HIV RNA was <50 copies/ml in 81% patients receiving mono-/ dual- therapy and in 83% of patients on HAART. The actual CD4 T cell count was >500/mm3 in 60% patients receiving mono-/ dual- therapy and in 62% patients on HAART.
Study of not infectious co-morbidities: Median value of not infectious comorbidities per patient was 0.58 (range 0-4). 21.5% patients had at least one co-morbidity. None of the patients had five, not infectious comorbidities. Hypertension was the most frequent disease (21.5% patients) followed by cardiovascular diseases (11.5%), renal failure (10%) and diabetes (10%) (Figure 1). Multimorbidity was more frequently found higher in >50 years old patients than in <50 years old (30% vs. 6%; p<0.0001) (Figure 2).

Figure 1 Figure 1. Not-infectious co-morbidities (%) by age classes
Figure 2
 Figure 2. Multi-morbidity (% by age classes) in CalabrHIV cohort. 

Patients were ranked into two groups: HIV mono-infected patients (61%) and HIV patients co-infected with HCV and/or HBV (39%).
Table 2 shows main epidemiological, clinical and demographic characteristics of HIV mono-infected patients and HIV patients coinfected with HCV and/or HBV. Co-infected patients were significantly older [mean age 49 years (SD 8.7) vs. 46 years (SD 12.7); p=0.0003] and more frequently had AIDS than mono-infected ones (39% vs. 21%; p<0.0001). Although not statistically significant, nadir and actual CD4 T cell values were lower in co-infected patients than in mono-infected ones.
Multimorbidity rate was higher in patients aged ≥50 years with HCV and/or HBV co-infection than in HIV-mono-infected (70% vs. 46%; p=0.0037). An increased significance in the difference due to multimorbidity was found in age groups starting from 40 years (39.5% vs. 26%; p=0.0293), although difference was even inverse at >60 years of age (54% vs. 92%; p=0.026) (Figure 3a-b). There was a difference in bone fractures rates between HIV mono-infected patients and patients with HCV and/or HBV co-infection at a borderline significance value (5.2% vs. 9%; p=0.07).

Table 2 Table 2. Patients’ characteristics (HIV positive patients vs.HIV patients co-infected with viral hepatitis).

Figure 3
 Figure 3. a) % Multi-morbidity in HIV mono infected patients; b) % Multi-morbidity in HIV patients co-infected with viral hepatitis


Discussion

This paper describes, for the first time, the main epidemiological and clinical features of HIV patients in the Calabria Region. This large number of patients with HIV infection, included in our study, suggests that the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the Calabria Region is more important than currently believed.  More than 500 patients were on active follow-up, notwithstanding that the last estimates of National Institute of Health reported the lowest incidence of new HIV diagnoses among Italian regions in Calabria (0.2/100,000 inhabitants in 2012, 1.4/100,000 in 2013).[14] As previously suggested, underreporting, under-testing due to the fear of stigma and marginalization, and the health migration phenomenon to areas of the North/Centre of Italy may be some causes of this bias.[1]
Main demographic and clinical characteristics of CalabrHIV Cohort may be compared with other national cohorts. In particular, patients of CalabrHIV Cohort are older (patients age was mainly up to 40 years old) than patients belonging to the Italian MASTER Cohort (mean age 38.5 years old).[15]
This datum may be due to selection bias since patients of older age may be those less prone to migration. Alternatively, it may reflect a later diagnosis (i.e., HIV infection is discovered later in life). However, our data are consistent with national estimates; that reported a progressive increase in mean age of patients diagnosed with HIV/AIDS in Italy.[14]
Percentages of late presenters in the CalabrHIV Cohort were similar to those reported recently in Europe and Italy.[16-19] About one third HIV patients in Europe were late presenters.[19] Data from the Italian AIDS Registry from 1982 to 2011 showed a progressively increased proportion of AIDS diagnoses in patients aged >49 years in the latest years.[18] Older patients with AIDS were more frequently males, late testers and diagnosed with AIDS in more recent years than younger patients.[18] Rates of late presentation may vary by country, by nationality and by transmission patterns. As reported in a recent international study, rates of AIDS diagnosis within three months from HIV diagnosis in Italy was 14.5%.[17] In Italy people, presenting late acquired infection more frequently by heterosexual contact, whereas, in other countries, greater rates of late presenters were reported among intravenous drug users.[17] Late presentation was associated with a higher rates of AIDS and mortality, in particular during the first year after HIV diagnosis.[19] Moreover, patients presented late showed a greater risk of HAART not-adherence, drug toxicity, disease progression and death with respect to patients who presented earlier.[20]
National guidelines may be interpreted and applied differently in different regional contexts. National HIV/AIDS guidelines do not recommend mono-/ dual-therapy as standard regimens.[21] At present, a valuable percentage of patients in the CalabrHIV cohort is treated with <3 drugs (15%) and their viro-immunological profiles are similar to that of patients on HAART. Viro-immunological results in our patients are consistent with those recently published.[22]
HIV infection accelerates the normal process of aging.[3] Previous studies showed a higher prevalence of not infectious comorbidities (such as diabetes mellitus) and a greater relative risk of acute myocardial infarction in HIV-infected patients compared with HIV-negative ones.[8-10] Also, risk of cerebrovascular diseases was higher in patients with HIV infection.[12] At the same time, previous cohort studies do not explain the possible current association between HIV infection and other risk factors of not infectious co-morbidities (such as smoking, obesity, or family related risk).[11,12,23]
Prevalence of not-infectious comorbidities and multimorbidity rate in CalabrHIV cohort were similar to those reported by Guaraldi et al.[4] However, in that study, patients already diagnosed with lipodystrophy and/or metabolic diseases were included, whereas, in the CalabrHIV Cohort, HIV population may be more similar to the general.
It is important to highlight that comorbidities rate was significantly greater in HIV patients coinfected with HCV and/or HBV than in HIV mono-infected patients (46.6% vs. 31.7%: p=0.0006); this datum was not published yet. Also multimorbidity rate was higher in co-infected patients than in HIV-mono-infected ones. This effect was not driven by the oldest subjects since an increasing significance was found with the increase in age starting from 40 years. Hepatitis viruses co-infection may modify the natural history of HIV infections, further accelerating premature aging.[24-26] Interestingly, difference in co-morbidity rates was even inverse (54% vs. 92%; p=0.026) at >60 years of age in our cohort, probably because of age-related risk diluted the impact of HCV and/or HBV co-infection in the elderly. In conclusion, our results suggest that a greater attention should be given to HIV co-infected patients, particularly to those of younger age. Since eradication of HCV was associated not only with prevention of liver-related morbidity and mortality[27] but also with prevention of not infectious events, treatment of HCV with the new drugs[28,29] should be implemented.
Aims of CalabrHIV Study Group are to continue prospective follow-up and patients’ recruitment. Prevention and early detection of not infectious comorbidities are important, in particular in the younger ones. Treatment of HCV should be extended to patients infected with HIV with the aim of improving both liver and general conditions of patients.

Acknowledgments

In addition to the authors of this paper, CalabrHIV Cohort thanks all patients, doctors, nurses and colla+

\borators of all participating centers: Infectious Diseases Unit, “Magna Graecia” University, Catanzaro; Infectious Diseases Unit, “Annunziata” Hospital, Cosenza; Infectious Diseases Unit, “Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli” Hospital, Reggio Calabria; Infectious Diseases Unit, “Pugliese-Ciaccio” Hospital, Catanzaro, Infectious Diseases Unit, “Giovanni Paolo II” Hospital, LameziaTerme, Catanzaro, Infectious Diseases Unit, “Jazzolino” Hospital, Vibo Valentia, Infectious Diseases Unit, “San Giovanni di Dio” Hospital, Crotone.

References

  1. Mahajan, A.P., et al., Stigma in the HIV/AIDS epidemic: a review of the literature and recommendations for the way forward. AIDS, 2008. 22 Suppl 2: p. S67-79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.0000327438.13291.62 PMid:18641472 PMCid:PMC2835402    
  2. Palella, F.J., et al., Mortality in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era: changing causes of death and disease in the HIV outpatient study. J Acquir Immune DeficSyndr, 2006. 43(1): p. 27-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.qai.0000233310.90484.16 PMid:16878047        
  3. Deeks, S.G., HIV infection, inflammation, immunosenescence, and aging. Annu Rev Med, 2011. 62: p. 141-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-042909-093756 PMid:21090961 PMCid:PMC3759035    
  4. Guaraldi, G., et al., Premature age-related comorbidities among HIV-infected persons compared with the general population. Clin Infect Dis, 2011. 53(11): p. 1120-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir627 PMid:21998278        
  5. Hasse, B., et al., Strong Impact of Smoking on Multimorbidity and Cardiovascular Risk Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Individuals in Comparison With the General Population. Open Forum Infect Dis, 2015. 2(3): p. ofv108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofv108 PMid:26284258 PMCid:PMC4536331   
  6. Lombo, B., et al., Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Patients with HIV in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. Conn Med, 2015. 79(5): p. 277-81. PMid:26245015        
  7. Soriano, V. and J. Berenguer, Extrahepatic comorbidities associated with hepatitis C virus in HIV-infected patients. CurrOpin HIV AIDS, 2015. 10(5): p. 309-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/COH.0000000000000175 PMid:26132342        
  8. Brown, T.T., et al., Antiretroviral therapy and the prevalence and incidence of diabetes mellitus in the multicenter AIDS cohort study. Arch Intern Med, 2005. 165(10): p. 1179-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.165.10.1179 PMid:15911733        
  9. Worm, S.W., et al., Risk of myocardial infarction in patients with HIV infection exposed to specific individual antiretroviral drugs from the 3 major drug classes: the data collection on adverse events of anti-HIV drugs (D:A:D) study. J Infect Dis, 2010. 201(3): p. 318-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/649897 PMid:20039804        
  10. Triant, V.A., et al., Increased acute myocardial infarction rates and cardiovascular risk factors among patients with human immunodeficiency virus disease. J ClinEndocrinolMetab, 2007. 92(7): p. 2506-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2006-2190   PMid:17456578 PMCid:PMC2763385   
  11. Rasmussen, L.D., et al., Myocardial infarction among Danish HIV-infected individuals: population-attributable fractions associated with smoking. Clin Infect Dis, 2015. 60(9): p. 1415-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/civ013   
  12. Rasmussen, L.D., et al., Risk of cerebrovascular events in persons with and without HIV: a Danish nationwide population-based cohort study. AIDS, 2011. 25(13): p. 1637-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283493fb0 PMid:21646903        
  13. Levey, A.S., et al., A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med, 2009. 150(9): p. 604-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006  PMid:19414839 PMCid:PMC2763564   
  14. Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dati HIV ed AIDS. Novembre 2014: Notiziario ISS. p. 3-47    .
  15. Torti C.et al., L'infezione da HIV in Italia dall'origine dell'epidemia ad oggi: lo studio di coorte MASTER, in Congresso SIMIT. Genova 26-29 ottobre 2014.    
  16. Camoni, L., et al., Late presenters among persons with a new HIV diagnosis in Italy, 2010-2011. BMC Public Health, 2013. 13: p. 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-281 PMid:23537210 PMCid:PMC3616982   
  17. Hall, H.I., et al., Late diagnosis and entry to care after diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infection: a country comparison. PLoS One, 2013. 8(11): p. e77763. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077763 PMid:24223724 PMCid:PMC3818378   
  18. Camoni, L., et al., The continued ageing of people with AIDS in Italy: recent trend from the national AIDS Registry. Ann Ist Super Sanita, 2014. 50(3): p. 291-7. PMid:25292277        
  19. Mocroft, A., et al., Risk factors and outcomes for late presentation for HIV-positive persons in Europe: results from the Collaboration of Observational HIV Epidemiological Research Europe Study (COHERE). PLoS Med, 2013. 10(9): p. e1001510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001510 PMid:24137103 PMCid:PMC3796947    
  20. Celesia, B.M., et al., Late presentation of HIV infection: predictors of delayed diagnosis and survival in Eastern Sicily. Eur Rev Med PharmacolSci, 2013. 17(16): p. 2218-24. PMid:23893189        
  21. Antinori, A., et al., Italian guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents and the diagnostic-clinical management of HIV-1 infected persons. Update 2011. New Microbiol, 2012. 35(2): p. 113-59. PMid:22707127        
  22. Di Giambenedetto, S., et al., Safety and feasibility of treatment simplification to atazanavir/ritonavir + lamivudine in HIV-infected patients on stable treatment with two nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors + atazanavir/ritonavir with virological suppression (Atazanavir and Lamivudine for treatment Simplification, AtLaS pilot study). J Antimicrob Chemother, 2013. 68(6): p. 1364-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkt007 PMid:23372058        
  23. Rasmussen, L.D., et al., Risk of diabetes mellitus in persons with and without HIV: a Danish nationwide population-based cohort study. PLoS One, 2012. 7(9): p. e44575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0044575 PMid:22984529 PMCid:PMC3440341    
  24. Konerman, M.A., et al., Fibrosis progression in human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis C virus coinfected adults: prospective analysis of 435 liver biopsy pairs. Hepatology, 2014. 59(3): p. 767-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.26741 PMid:24436062 PMCid:PMC3943751    
  25. Rockstroh, J.K., et al., Does hepatitis C viremia or genotype predict the risk of mortality in individuals co-infected with HIV? J Hepatol, 2013. 59(2): p. 213-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2013.04.005 PMid:23583272        
  26. Sanmartín, R., et al., Progression of liver fibrosis in HIV/hepatitis C virus-coinfected individuals on antiretroviral therapy with early stages of liver fibrosis at baseline. HIV Med, 2014. 15(4): p. 203-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hiv.12105 PMid:24245909        
  27. Berenguer, J., et al., Sustained virological response to interferon plus ribavirin reduces non-liver-related mortality in patients coinfected with HIV and Hepatitis C virus. Clin Infect Dis, 2012. 55(5): p. 728-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis500 PMid:22610932        
  28. Afdhal, N., et al., Ledipasvir and sofosbuvir for previously treated HCV genotype 1 infection. N Engl J Med, 2014. 370(16): p. 1483-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1316366 PMid:24725238        
  29.  Afdhal, N., et al., Ledipasvir and sofosbuvir for untreated HCV genotype 1 infection. N Engl J Med, 2014. 370(20): p. 1889-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1402454 PMid:24725239               

[TOP]